Table 3 Key enzyme-producing strains with antioxidant activity and metabolites

F1 Clonostachys rosea

β-xylanase and Arabinoxylanase activity

ORAC: Polar cell biomass extract activity at 655,669 µmol TE/g

DPPH: Moderate DPPH activity was recorded for polar liquid culture extracts at 12,572 µmol TE/g

FRAP: Liquid culture polar extract activity at 36,019 µmol TE/g

Benzoic acid at a relative percentage of 14% followed by 3-Pyridinepropionic acid and cyclo(-Gly-Phe) at 11% and 10% respectively

Chrysophanol, Toluhydroquinone

F2 Penicillium expansum

Cellulase and Pectinase activity

ORAC: Polar cell biomass extract activity at 636,889 µmol TE/g

Highest area percentage for Cyclo(-Gly-Phe) at 25% followed by prenitremone A at 19% relative to other identifiable metabolites

Chrysophanol, caffeine

F3 Fusarium avenaceum

Galacto-mannanase and Mannanase activity

ORAC: The highest activity was recorded for polar cell biomass extract at 4,488,035 µmol TE/g

DPPH: The second-highest activity was recorded for non-polar liquid culture extract at 22,646 µmol TE/g

FRAP: Cell biomass extract activity at 69,325 µmol TE/g

Highest peak area was recorded for cyclo(-Leu-Leu) at 35% followed by p-anisaldehyde with a relative peak area of 33% and cyclo(-Gly-Phe) with a moderate peak area percentage of 21% in comparison to other identifiable metabolites

Propyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, Toluhydroquinone, Riboflavin, Dehydroculvurin

F9 Trichoderma koningii

β-xylanase and Arabinoxylanase activity

DDPH: The third highest activity was recorded for polar liquid culture extract at 22,558 µmol TE/g

FRAP: Liquid culture polar extract activity at 25,812 µmol TE/g

Compounds cyclo(-Gly-Phe), canescin, citreoviridin X, and cyclopaldic acid showed relatively comparable peak areas at 20%, 17%, 17%, and 16%, respectively, followed by caffeic acid at 11%

Riboflavin, caffeine, Propyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, Diaportinol