Fig. 4

GHG emissions of bioplastics from biotechnological processes. a Wastewater from paper mills. b Wastewater from the food industry. c Wastewater from the paper and the food industry. Detailed information on the data is available in Table S2 of the SI. GHG emissions of fossil-based polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are estimated in 1.1, 1.3, 3.1, and 1.7 kg CO₂ e/kg, respectively [33]