Fig. 3

GHG emissions of the production of biofuels from biotechnological processes. Detailed information on the data is available in Table S1 of the supplementary information (SI). GHG emissions of fossil-based gasoline, hydrogen from steam methane reforming (SMR), and fossil-based natural gas are estimated at 90, 79, and 69 g CO₂ e/MJ, respectively [33]. Note: Biohythane is known as a gaseous mixture comprised of hydrogen and methane [48]