Table 3 Microbial enzymes involved in e-waste degradation
From: Microbial cell factories in the remediation of e-wastes: an insight
Sl. no | Name of the enzymes involved | Name of the microorganisms | Bioremediation potential | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chromium reductase | Pseudomonas sp. MA14, P. putida, Bacillus, Enterobacter sp., Deinococcus sp., Gluconacetobacter hansenii | Reduces hexavalent chromium Cr (IV) to Cr (III) | Thatoi H. et al., 2014; [92] |
2 | Laccase | Trametes versicolor, Raoultella planticola, Trametes pubescens, white rot fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium) | PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), epoxidation, cadmium (Cd) | Keum et al., 2004 |
3 | Esterases, carboxyl esterases E2 | E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA1 | Phthalate acid esters (PAEs), Mercury ion [Hg (2+)] | |
4 | Catalase and superoxide dismutase | Aspergillus spp., E.coli, Streptococcus sp., B. cepacia, Enterobacter cloacae B1 | Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) | [20] |
5 | Biphenyl dioxygenase and biphenyl 2,3-dioxygenase | B. cepacia LB400 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas alcaliphila JAB1 | Degradation of PCBs | Erickson et al., 1992 |
6 | Cupric reductase | Streptomyces sp. | Reduction of copper (Cu) | Saravanan et al., 2021 |
7 | ChrR (quinone reductase) | E. coli, Geobacter sp. | Reduce Cr (VI) and uranyl [U (VI)] to Cr (III) and U (IV) | [60] |
8 | Biphenyl dioxygenase (bphC) | Dehalococcoides spp. | Efficiency towards PCBs, high chlorinated PCBs, and less chlorinated PCBs | Hasmi et al., 2016 |
9 | Reductive dehalogenase | Dehalococcoides mccartyi (Dhc) | Tetrachloroethene (PCE) | [110] |
10 | Laccase, manganese peroxidase, versatile peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, dye decolorizing peroxidase, glyoxal oxidase | P. chrysosporium | Chlorophenols, PAHs, PCBs | [143] |
11 | Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase | A. cylindrospora | Efficiency towards anthracene and fluoranthene | [71] |
12 | Monooxygenases | Paecilomyces lilacinus | Efficiency towards chlorinated biphenyl derivatives | [158] |
13 | Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), epoxide hydrolases, glutathione S-transferases, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductases, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases | Aspergillus terreus and Cladosporium oxysporum | Endosulfan | |
14 | Lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) | Fusarium solani | Anthracene (ANT) and benz[a]anthracene (BAA) | [180] |
15 | Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), epoxide hydrolases, glutathione S-transferases, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductases, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases | Trichoderma species | Petroleum hydrocarbons |